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Multi-centennial ocean biogeochemical responses to extended Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Using long-term MIROC-ES2L simulations under extended Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios to 2500, we show that ocean–atmosphere pCO₂ disequilibrium exhibits strong scenario dependence. Low emissions lead to near equilibrium by 2100, whereas high emissions drive expanding oceanic CO₂ supersaturation and declining buffering capacity. Marine ecosystem stress persists for centuries, reflecting the ocean’s long memory and limited reversibility.

Enhanced weathering of glacial rock flour drives coupled inorganic and organic carbon sequestration in a five-year field experiment

Enhanced rock weathering involves spreading ground silicate rock on farmland to remove atmospheric CO₂ as the rock dissolves. Soil samples taken five years after Greenlandic glacial rock flour was applied to a Danish field showed that over half the applied material had dissolved, yet the increase in soil organic carbon was substantially greater than the estimated inorganic carbon uptake through weathering. This highlights the importance of considering both pathways when assessing climate impact.

Warming vs. browning: a dual mechanism behind net ecosystem production of shallow brown aquatic systems

Warming and browning (increasing organic carbon) in aquatic systems both promote heterotrophy via distinct mechanisms: browning alone enhances bacterial production and alters stoichiometry, which suppresses primary production. Browning and warming combined shift aquatic ecosystems toward net heterotrophy. This mesocosm study provides mechanistic insight into interacting drivers of global change, with broad relevance for northern freshwaters undergoing increasing browning and warming.

Temperate marine macrophytes are highly variable sources of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds – a comparative study from the Baltic Sea and NE Atlantic

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by Earth’s ecosystems have profound climate impacts, but emissions from marine benthic sources are poorly quantified. We quantified BVOC emission rates from three macrophytes across two contrasting marine regions and found highly diverse emission profiles with high intra‑ and interspecific variability. Our results underscore the need for more high-quality data, so that macrophyte emissions can eventually be integrated into marine BVOC budgets.

Historical climate extremes in Europe and the connection between spring precipitation and summer heat

We analyse the link between dry springs and hot summers in Europe over the past 600 years. Starting with a study of the heat summer of 1473, which followed dry spring conditions in Southeastern Europe, we use the ModE-RA data set family to statistically analyse the link. We find that the link is strongest in regions where evaporation is moisture-limited. Hot summers are preceded by increased blocking over north-central Europe and a positive East Atlantic pattern in spring.

From manual classification to transformer-based language models: assessing the quality and consistency of historical convective event records

Before measuring instruments, thunderstorms and hail were recorded only in written reports. We analysed around 7000 reports from 1000 to 1817 and, using a rule-based workflow, linguistically decoded the intensity of the thunderstorm and hail events described. The annual cycle derived from this corresponds well with modern observations. With these data, language models can be trained to reliably classify such events and make large collections of text accessible for climate research.

Limited atmospheric iron availability increase during the Younger Dryas in the Northern Hemisphere

Ice-core measurements from Greenland suggest that atmospheric iron deposition played a smaller role than previously thought in regulating marine productivity in the iron-limited North Pacific. Despite a strong increase in total iron deposition, the fraction of iron more likely to be available to phytoplankton rose only modestly, pointing to sea-ice extent and sedimentary iron remobilization as potentially more important factors during the last glacial transition.

Imaging deep carbon stocks with complex electrical conductivity

Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-23-6287-2026
11 September 2026

Understanding the role of soil in the storage of organic carbon is critical for a large number of environmental processes. Current practices rely on the drilling and analysis of samples, which is expensive, time consuming and destructive. Here we present a technique able to map soil organic carbon variability using measurements of the electrical properties of the subsurface without drilling. Our results advance soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration and storage.

Natural disturbances from bark beetle outbreaks and windthrow increasingly affect Europe's most mature and carbon-rich forests

Europe’s forests store vast amounts of carbon, but climate-driven disturbances are becoming more frequent. By combining satellite records with information on forest age and structure, we show that recent disturbances increasingly affect the oldest and most carbon-rich forests, particularly spruce forests in Central Europe. This emerging pattern puts long-accumulated carbon at risk and may reduce the long-term climate benefits provided by Europe’s forests.

Saturation effect of background temperature and aridity on vegetation phenological sensitivity to urban warming

Using satellite data from 293 Chinese cities, we tested how background climate shapes vegetation responses to urban warming. Urban heat advances spring growth 12 days and delays autumn aging nearly 10 days, yet responses saturate with extra warming. Dryness weakens and reverses growing‑season extension in dry inland zones. Temperature and moisture explain about 75 % spatial variation. Our results challenge the view that urban heat always lengthens growing seasons for climate‑adapted greening.

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