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Water vapour dynamics as a key determinant of atmospheric composition and transport mechanisms

Humidification of air reduces the abundances of dry-air gas components such as oxygen, explaining why tropical humidity can be "stifling". This is overlooked due to the common expression of gas concentrations as fractions of dry air. Such neglect of water vapour also masks the key role of its sources and sinks in activating transport mechanisms of other gases. Humidity should be quantified whenever reporting gas concentrations.

Feedback-based sea level rise impact modelling for integrated assessment models with FRISIAv1.0

We present FRISIA version 1.0, a model for emulating sea level rise (SLR) and representing SLR impacts and adaptation in integrated assessment models (IAMs). FRISIA includes previously uncaptured coastal socio-economic feedback and a diverse set of impact strains, thereby improving the represenation of SLR impacts in IAMs. Here we describe the baseline behaviour of FRISIA, explore the effects of the additional feedback and showcase the coupling of FRISIA to an IAM.

How do geological map details influence the identification of geology-streamflow relationships in large-sample hydrology studies?

We show that geological maps with varying levels of detail may influence the identification of geology–streamflow relationships across European catchments at multiple scales. At the large scale, controls varied between basins, with no map consistently superior. At the intermediate and small scales, however, higher geological detail consistently strengthened correlations, particularly for baseflow signatures, with the regional map highlighting controls more consistent with process understanding.

Orbital-scale variability in the contribution of foraminifera and coccolithophores to pelagic carbonate production

We present new high-resolution data of the relative contribution of the two main pelagic carbonate producers (coccoliths and foraminifera) to the total pelagic carbonate production from the tropical Atlantic in past warm periods since the Miocene. Our findings suggests that the two groups responded differently to orbital forcing and oceanic changes in tropical ocean, but their proportion changes did not drive the changes in overall pelagic carbonate deposition.

Silicification in the ocean: from molecular pathways to silicifiers' ecology and biogeochemical cycles

Ocean Science
DOI 10.5194/os-21-3427-2025
11 December 2025

This review explores how various forms of marine life, from picoplankton to giant sponges, transform and control silicon to form silica-based structures, and how this process shapes the ocean silicon cycle. It also highlights the overlooked role of dynamic boundary zones where land, seafloor and ice meet seawater, and explains how combining biology and geochemistry can improve paleoceanographic proxies, biogeochemical models, and predictions of climate-driven changes in ocean productivity.

Constitution of a multicentennial multirisk database in a mountainous environment from composite sources: the example of the Vallouise-Pelvoux municipality (Ecrins, France)

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
DOI 10.5194/nhess-25-4881-2025
10 December 2025

This paper proposes a methodology to develop a long-range multirisk database. Combining scattered pre-existing records and intensive research in historical archives provides a 1600–2020 record of past events in a valley of the French Alps. It goes far beyond any inventory existing in terms of number of events, temporal coverage and detailed description of events characteristics in a mountain context. Spatio-temporal patterns are analysed, opening perspective for multirisk assessment.

Global inductive magnetosphere-ionosphere- thermosphere coupling

The ionosphere is where Earth’s atmosphere overlaps with a gas of charged particles in space. There, collisions with neutral air and electromagnetic forces driven by the solar wind control plasma motion. We created a global model that includes magnetic induction, explaining how electric currents and fields change, offering a more accurate view of atmosphere–space coupling than conventional models based on electric circuits.

The influence of irradiance and interspecific differences on δ¹¹B, δ¹³C and elemental ratios in four coralline algae complexes from Aotearoa, New Zealand

We address the impact of light on four complexes of coralline red algae using boron and carbon isotopic signatures. We show that the four complexes up-regulated their δ¹¹B derived pH_CF relative to seawater by 0.6 to 0.8 pH unit but pH_CF was not directly impacted by light at the complex level. The differences in calcification between encrusting and branching complexes result from different photosynthetic regimes and carbon concentrating mechanisms, which would be inherent to morphologies.

The global importance of gas-phase peroxy radical accretion reactions for secondary organic aerosol loading

This work outlines an investigation into an understudied atmospheric chemical reaction pathway with the potential to form particulate pollution that has important impacts on air quality and climate. It suggests that this chemical pathway is responsible for a large fraction of the atmospheric particulate matter observed in tropical forested regions, but also highlights the need for further ambient and lab investigations to inform an accurate representation of this process in atmospheric models.

Clear-air turbulence derived from in situ aircraft observation – a weather feature-based typology using ERA5 reanalysis

Turbulence can occur in clear-air conditions at cruising altitude. From around 5000 clear-air turbulence events identified using aircraft measurements, nonlinear breaking of large-scale waves and rapidly ascending airstreams associated with cyclones are found concurrent with 40 % and 30 % of them respectively. The results further show that these weather systems may trigger turbulence by generating highly deformed flow or flow instability, improving our understanding of clear-air turbulence.

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