From manual classification to transformer-based language models: assessing the quality and consistency of historical convective event records Climate of the Past DOI 10.5194/cp-22-1833-2026 7 October 2026 Before measuring instruments, thunderstorms and hail were recorded only in written reports. We analysed around 7000 reports from 1000 to 1817 and, using a rule-based workflow, linguistically decoded the intensity of the thunderstorm and hail events described. The annual cycle derived from this corresponds well with modern observations. With these data, language models can be trained to reliably classify such events and make large collections of text accessible for climate research. Read more
Pokémon Trading Cards reveal visual stereotypes of natural minerals Geoscience Communication DOI 10.5194/gc-9-451-2026 7 October 2026 Pokémon cards offer an unexpected 30-year record of how popular culture depicts minerals. Analyzing 223 illustrations revealed a "universal crystal template" reducing natural minerals to a shared visual stereotype: giant, translucent, symmetrical crystals inside caves. While these images oversimplify geological reality, their global familiarity and the diverse mineral examples already represented make this collection an excellent educational hook to inspire interest in authentic Earth science. Read more
Decoded Antarctic snow accumulation history reconciles observed and modeled trends in accumulation and large-scale warming patterns Earth System Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esd-17-1395-2026 2 October 2026 Snow accumulation on the Antarctic Ice Sheet could increase with greenhouse warming, storing water that would otherwise raise sea level. Employing multiple Earth system model simulations and reconstructions, we detect a warming-driven increase in accumulation consistent with greenhouse gas forcing, but observations can only be matched if wind and meltwater impacts on large-scale surface warming patterns are accounted for. This implies that predictions ignoring these effects are overconfident. Read more
Origin of low ozone above western North America: an investigation of sources and trends Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-26-13595-2026 29 September 2026 Background ozone over Western North America is increasing despite local emission reductions, driven by intensifying transport from Southeast Asia, expanded global shipping, and rising aircraft emissions in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS). By analyzing the ozone 'lower tail' (<33rd percentile), this study identifies growing remote influences and shifting trans-Pacific transport patterns that are fundamentally altering the region's background atmospheric state. Read more
Assessing Earth system responses in mitigation scenarios with activity-driven simulation of carbon dioxide removal Earth System Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esd-17-1341-2026 25 September 2026 Earth system models can simulate CO2 removal by representing the activity that draws down atmospheric CO2, e.g. growing bioenergy crops for energy production with carbon capture and storage or enhancing the oceans’ alkalinity. We describe a simulation framework, spanning the modeling chain from integrated assessment to Earth system models, that allows separating the intrinsic efficiency of CO2 removal and the overall atmospheric CO2 reduction, the latter being affected by Earth system feedbacks. Read more
Ocean dynamics amplify remote warming effects of reforestation Earth System Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esd-17-1315-2026 24 September 2026 Reforestation is a key strategy for tackling climate change, but forests influence climate beyond carbon storage, and some effects can cause warming in distant regions, offsetting their cooling benefits. Using a global climate model, we studied how oceans mediate these distant effects over centuries. We found that ocean processes amplify the warming in distant regions, particularly at high latitudes, highlighting the importance of considering the full long-term climate response of reforestation. Read more
Invited Perspectives: Science for Comprehensive Disaster and Climate Risk Management Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/nhess-26-4589-2026 24 September 2026 We explore five core challenges that need to be addressed in order to move towards the Comprehensive Disaster and Climate Risk Management approach. This approach has been proposed within the newly emerging paradigm of a more holistic approach to managing the risks associated with climatic and/or non-climatic hazards and non-climatic risk drivers. We elaborate on each challenge, discuss why they matter for comprehensive disaster risk management, and provide ideas of how to overcome them. Read more
The North American CORDEX-CMIP6 WRF evaluation run: comparing historical simulations from 25 km to convection-permitting scales Geoscientific Model Development DOI 10.5194/gmd-19-8995-2026 23 September 2026 This study presents a new 12 km CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment )-CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) simulation for North America, compared against an earlier 25 km CMIP5 version and a 4 km convection-permitting simulation. The updated run reduces temperature and precipitation biases, improves precipitation timing, and better captures tropical cyclone intensity. Extreme precipitation at 12 km closely matches convection-permitting results, offering a practical resolution for regional climate assessment. Read more
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP7 Geoscientific Model Development DOI 10.5194/gmd-19-8693-2026 18 September 2026 Clouds constitute a key uncertainty for climate change projections. The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) aims to address this challenge by evaluating and understanding clouds and their impacts on atmospheric circulation, precipitation, and climate sensitivity. The present paper describes the CFMIP experiment protocol for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 7 (CMIP7), and discusses the accompanying science questions and opportunities for progress. Read more
Ballistic projectile hazard of major explosions and paroxysms at Stromboli (Italy) with uncertainty quantification – Part 2: Conditional and temporal probability maps Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/nhess-26-4503-2026 17 September 2026 Using historical records and mathematical models, researchers created maps that show the probability of different areas being affected by ballistic fallout from volcanic eruptions in Stromboli, Italy. Hazard maps were developed for both major explosions and paroxysms as well as for the two categories combined together by assuming a relative proportion. By using a temporal model of the explosive events, first probability maps of ballistic fallout in the next 10 and 50 years are finally presented. Read more
