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Quantifying the soil sink of atmospheric hydrogen: a full year of field measurements from grassland and forest soils in the UK

We measured soil hydrogen (H₂) fluxes from two field sites, a managed grassland and a planted deciduous woodland, with flux measurements of H₂ covering full seasonal cycles. We estimate annual H₂ uptake of −3.1 ± 0.1 and −12.0 ± 0.4 kg H₂ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the grassland and woodland sites, respectively. Soil moisture was found to be the primary driver of H₂ uptake, with the silt/clay content of the soils providing a physical barrier which limited H₂ uptake.

Leveraging the satellite-based climate data record CLARA-A3 to understand the climatic trend regimes relevant for solar energy applications over Europe

By compositing trends in multiple climate variables, this study presents emerging regimes that are relevant for solar energy applications. It is shown that the favourable conditions for exploiting solar energy are emerging during spring and early summer. The study also underscores the increasingly important role of clouds in regulating surface solar radiation as the aerosol concentrations are decreasing over Europe and the societal value of satellite-based climate monitoring.

asQ: parallel-in-time finite element simulations using ParaDiag for geoscientific models and beyond

Effectively using modern supercomputers requires massively parallel algorithms. Time-parallel algorithms calculate the system state (e.g. the atmosphere) at multiple times simultaneously and have exciting potential but are tricky to implement and still require development. We have developed software to simplify implementing and testing the ParaDiag algorithm on supercomputers. We show that for some atmospheric problems it can enable faster or more accurate solutions than traditional techniques.

Thermal state of permafrost in the Central Andes (27–34° S)

This study presents the first regional compilation of borehole temperature data from high-altitude permafrost sites in the Andes, providing a baseline of ground thermal conditions. Data from 53 boreholes show thermal characteristics similar to other mountain permafrost areas, but uniquely shaped by Andean topo-climatic conditions. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and is a notable collaboration between industry, academia, and regulators in advancing climate change research.

Marine snow morphology drives sinking and attenuation in the ocean interior

Key parameters representing the gravity flux in global models are sinking speed and vertical attenuation of exported material. We calculate, for the first time, these parameters in situ in the ocean for six intermittent blooms followed by export events using high-resolution (3 d) time series of 0–1000 m depth profiles from imaging sensors mounted on an Argo float. We show that sinking speed depends not only on size but also on the morphology of the particles, with density being an important property.

Occupancy history influences extinction risk of fossil marine microplankton groups

We examine how change in a species' geographic range size over time influences that species' extinction risk. We analyze instantaneous range size and range size change and how these terms relate to extinction risk in marine microplankton. We find that both the instantaneous range size and the change in range size are informative predictors of extinction. Using predictive models, we also assess extinction probability in four extant groups.

The value of hydroclimatic teleconnections for snow-based seasonal streamflow forecasting in central Asia

Seasonal streamflow forecasts for snowmelt-dominated catchments often rely on snowpack data, which are not always available and are prone to errors. Our study evaluates near-real-time global snow estimates and climate oscillation indices for predictions in the data-scarce mountains of central Asia. We show that climate indices can improve prediction accuracy at longer lead times, help offset snow data uncertainty, and enhance predictions where streamflow depends on in-season climate variability.

Calibrated sea level contribution from the Amundsen Sea sector, West Antarctica, under RCP8.5 and Paris 2C scenarios

Glaciers in the Amundsen Sea region of Antarctica have been retreating and losing mass, but their future contribution to global sea level rise remains highly uncertain. We use an ice sheet model and uncertainty quantification methods to evaluate the probable range of mass loss from this region for two future climate scenarios. We find that the rate of ice loss until 2100 will likely remain similar to present-day observations, with little sensitivity to climate scenario over this short time frame.

Delineating the technosphere: definition, categorization, and characteristics

The technosphere – including buildings, infrastructure, and all other non-living human creations – is a major part of our planet, but it is not often considered as an integrated part of Earth system processes. Here we propose a refined definition of the technosphere, intended to help with integration. We also characterize the functional end uses, map the global distribution, and discuss the catalytic properties that underlie the exponential growth of the trillion tonne technosphere.

Distribution of alkylamines in surface waters around the Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea

During the PolarChange expedition, volatile alkylamines, important players in nitrogen cycling and cloud formation, were measured in Antarctic waters using a high-sensitivity method. Trimethylamine was the dominant alkylamine in marine particles, associated with nanophytoplankton. Dissolved dimethylamine likely originated from trimethylamine degradation, while diethylamine sources remain unclear. These findings confirm the biological origin of alkylamines in polar marine microbial food webs.

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