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Multidecadal trends in CO₂ evasion and aquatic metabolism in a large temperate river

Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-22-4923-2025
23 September 2025

To understand the role of rivers in the global carbon cycle, this 32-year study tracked carbon dioxide in France's Loire River. We found emissions decreased over the long term, despite varying more than tenfold from year to year. While the river ecosystem shifted from algae to plant dominance, this decrease in emissions was primarily driven by reduced groundwater inputs. This shows that catchment-scale hydrology can be more important than in-river biology for a river's carbon footprint.

The Arctic Weather Satellite radiometer

The Arctic Weather Satellite (AWS), developed by the European Space Agency, highlights a new approach in satellite design, aiming to expand the network of operational microwave sensors cost-effectively. Launched in August 2024, AWS features a 19-channel microwave cross-track radiometer. Notably, it introduces groundbreaking channels at 325.15 GHz. In addition, AWS acts as the stepping stone to a suggested constellation of satellites, denoted as EUMETSAT Polar System Sterna.

Assessment of source regions of the Zambezi River: implications for regional water security

This study focused on the sources of the Zambezi River, revealing new insights into its longest tributary and Angola's key role in its flow. River expeditions and earth observation data show that Angola contributed approximately 73 % of the river's flow upstream of a major floodplain during the 2023 late wet season. We highlight Angola's wetlands, which support river health and help mitigate pollution. These findings stress the need for improved monitoring and regional cooperation in the basin.

Peatland development reconstruction and complex biological responses to permafrost thawing in Western Siberia

Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-22-4797-2025
20 September 2025

Western Siberian peatlands regulate global climate, but their response to permafrost thaw remains poorly studied. Our study analyzed peat cores from a peat plateau and a lake edge to track changes over two centuries. We found that permafrost thawing, driven by rising temperatures, altered peatland hydrology, vegetation, and microbial life. These shifts may expand with further warming, affecting carbon storage and climate feedbacks. Our findings highlight early warning signs of ecosystem change.

The historical representation and near-future (2050) projections of the Coral Sea current system in CMIP6 HighResMIP

Ocean Science
DOI 10.5194/os-21-2001-2025
17 September 2025

We examined projected changes in Coral Sea temperature and currents through to 2050 using high-resolution CMIP6 models. Surface warming deepened by 30 m per decade, reaching 400 m by 2050. There was sub-surface cooling between 400 and 600 m. North Vanuatu Jet and North Caledonian Jet transports weakened, and the South Caledonian Jet strengthened. These changes may influence western boundary currents and upwelling dynamics on the Great Barrier Reef.

The 1538 eruption at the Campi Flegrei resurgent caldera: implications for future unrest and eruptive scenarios

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
DOI 10.5194/nhess-25-3421-2025
16 September 2025

We compare recent unrest episodes at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Italy) with phenomena that occurred during the historical eruption in 1538. Besides proposing a new, accurate reconstruction of the ground movements in the area since the 8th century BCE, we deduce a striking similarity of the present unrest with the precursors to the 1538 eruption. We then infer that, if the ground uplift continues, earthquakes of up to magnitude 5 are expected, as well as a considerable eruption risk in the next few decades.

Drift-aware sea ice thickness maps from satellite remote sensing

The Cryosphere
DOI 10.5194/tc-19-3785-2025
16 September 2025

We developed a new method to map Arctic sea ice thickness daily using satellite measurements. We address a problem similar to motion blur in photography. Traditional methods collect satellite data over 1 month to get a full picture of Arctic sea ice thickness. But in the same way as in photos of moving objects, long exposure leads to motion blur, making it difficult to identify certain features in the sea ice maps. Our method corrects for this motion blur, providing a sharper view of the evolving sea ice.

ESD Ideas: Climate tipping is not instantaneous – the duration of an overshoot matters

Climate tipping points are not committed upon crossing critical thresholds in global warming, as is often assumed. Instead, it is possible to temporarily overshoot a threshold without causing tipping, provided the duration of the overshoot is short. In this Idea, we demonstrate that restricting the time over 1.5 °C would considerably reduce tipping point risks.

Linking crystallographic orientation and ice stream dynamics: evidence from the EastGRIP ice core

The Cryosphere
DOI 10.5194/tc-19-3805-2025
15 September 2025

A better understanding of ice flow requires more observational data. The EastGRIP core is the first ice core through an active ice stream. We discuss crystal orientation data determining the present deformation regimes. A comparison with other deep cores shows the unique properties of EastGRIP and shows that deep ice likely originates from the Eemian. We further show that the overall plug flow of NEGIS is characterised by many small-scale variations, which remain to be considered in ice flow models.

Organic soils can be CO₂ sinks in both drained and undrained hemiboreal peatland forests

Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-22-4627-2025
14 September 2025

A 2-year study assessed the soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) balance of drained and undrained hemiboreal peatland forests across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The study sites included a wide variety of nutrient-rich organic soils, ranging from those near the threshold of organic soil definition to deep peat soils. The soils varied in pH, nutrient levels, and C : N ratio, which contributed to the observed behavior of the soils, demonstrating CO₂ sink and source dynamics under both drained and undrained conditions.

Severe beach erosion induced by shoreline deformation after a large-scale reclamation project for the Samcheok liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in South Korea

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
DOI 10.5194/nhess-25-3239-2025
10 September 2025

This paper emphasizes the significance of evaluating changes in nearby shorelines prior to undertaking large-scale coastal construction projects, thereby offering insights into strategies that can minimize potential damage. As a result, the study provides an opportunity to explore the consequences of harbor and fishing port development, as well as large-scale reclamation, which can deform wave fields in coastal areas and intensify coastal erosion.

Multi-centennial climate change in a warming world beyond 2100

A new 10-member ensemble simulation with the state-of-the-art Earth system model was employed to study the long-term climate response to sustained greenhouse warming through to the year 2500. The findings show that the projected changes in the forced mean state and internal variability during 2101–2500 differ substantially from the 21st-century projections, emphasizing the importance of multi-century perspectives for understanding future climate change and informing effective mitigation strategies.

Failure of Marmolada Glacier (Dolomites, Italy) in 2022: data-based back analysis of possible collapse mechanisms

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
DOI 10.5194/nhess-25-3027-2025
5 September 2025

The Marmolada Glacier collapse (3 July 2022), one of the deadliest in the Alps, caused 11 fatalities and occurred during an anomalously warm summer. Analysis links the failure to the combined action of permafrost degradation, elevated ice temperatures, hydrostatic pressure, hydraulic jacking and reduced basal friction. No single factor alone explains the failure. The event highlights how climate-driven thermal and hydraulic factors increasingly threaten the stability of cold mountain glaciers.

Biomechanical parameters of marram grass (Calamagrostis arenaria) for advanced modeling of dune vegetation

This study analyzes seasonal biomechanical traits of marram grass at two coastal dune sites using monthly field and lab data from 2022. Observed differences in density, leaf length, and flower stems were found to be wind-independent and transferable across sites. The results support surrogate model development for numerical and physical experiments alike, where using live vegetation is impractical. Results address the knowledge gap on how vegetation influences dune stability and erosion resistance.

flat10MIP: an emissions-driven experiment to diagnose the climate response to positive, zero and negative CO₂ emissions

This study investigates how climate models warm in response to simplified carbon emissions trajectories, refining the understanding of climate reversibility and commitment. Metrics are defined for warming response to cumulative emissions and for the cessation of emissions or ramp-down to net-zero and net-negative levels. Results indicate that previous concentration-driven experiments may have overstated the Zero Emissions Commitment due to emissions rates exceeding historical levels.

Synoptic observation of a full mesoscale eddy lifetime and its secondary instabilities in the Gulf of Mexico

Ocean Science
DOI 10.5194/os-21-1933-2025
4 September 2025

Oceanic eddies are giant swirling currents that help transport heat, nutrients, and pollutants across the ocean. However, their life cycle has never been observed in detail. Using new satellite data, we tracked an intense eddy in the Gulf of Mexico, describing its life cycle from birth during a 6-month period. Our observations reveal small-scale turbulence surrounding it and interactions with other structures that shape its evolution, validating decades of numerical studies.

CYCLOPs: a Unified Framework for Surface Flux-Driven Cyclones Outside the Tropics

Storms strongly resembling hurricanes are sometimes observed to form well outside the tropics, even in polar latitudes. They behave capriciously, developing very rapidly and then dying just as quickly. We show that strong dynamical processes in the atmosphere can sometimes cause it to become much colder locally than the underlying ocean, creating the conditions for hurricanes to form but only over small areas and for short times. We call the resulting storms "CYCLOPs".

A climate suitability index for species distribution modelling applied to terrestrial arthropods in the Mediterranean region

Climate change threatens biodiversity, especially that of arthropods, by altering species' habitats and ecological roles. This study presents a proof of concept for a novel index that models species distributions based on climatic niches, using regional climate model data and focusing on Mediterranean arthropods. The index enables quick assessments of species' climate resilience and offers potential applications for projecting ecological impacts of future climate changes.

Calibration and performance evaluation of PM _2.5 and NO ₂ air quality sensors for environmental epidemiology

This study evaluates PM _2.5 and NO ₂ sensors for their use in health studies. Sensors were calibrated using data from reference instruments, and regression and machine learning models were evaluated, identifying opportunities and limitations in model transferability in both indoor and outdoor environments and showcasing the importance of integrating metadata such as activity logs and diffusive tubes to improve data validation and interpretation during deployment in the houses of the participants.

Turning regret into future disaster preparedness with no regrets

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
DOI 10.5194/nhess-25-2929-2025
29 August 2025

What do we regret about our disaster preparedness? This paper explores the regrets of 438 citizens who were affected by flooding in Germany in 2021. It shows that regret can primarily be associated with inaction (instead of actions), which contrasts with psychological studies from fields other than disaster science. The findings of this study suggest that the no-regret approach could be a suitable framework for moving towards longer-term disaster preparedness to reduce future regrets.