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The influence of irradiance and interspecific differences on δ¹¹B, δ¹³C and elemental ratios in four coralline algae complexes from Aotearoa, New Zealand

We address the impact of light on four complexes of coralline red algae using boron and carbon isotopic signatures. We show that the four complexes up-regulated their δ¹¹B derived pH_CF relative to seawater by 0.6 to 0.8 pH unit but pH_CF was not directly impacted by light at the complex level. The differences in calcification between encrusting and branching complexes result from different photosynthetic regimes and carbon concentrating mechanisms, which would be inherent to morphologies.

The global importance of gas-phase peroxy radical accretion reactions for secondary organic aerosol loading

This work outlines an investigation into an understudied atmospheric chemical reaction pathway with the potential to form particulate pollution that has important impacts on air quality and climate. It suggests that this chemical pathway is responsible for a large fraction of the atmospheric particulate matter observed in tropical forested regions, but also highlights the need for further ambient and lab investigations to inform an accurate representation of this process in atmospheric models.

Clear-air turbulence derived from in situ aircraft observation – a weather feature-based typology using ERA5 reanalysis

Turbulence can occur in clear-air conditions at cruising altitude. From around 5000 clear-air turbulence events identified using aircraft measurements, nonlinear breaking of large-scale waves and rapidly ascending airstreams associated with cyclones are found concurrent with 40 % and 30 % of them respectively. The results further show that these weather systems may trigger turbulence by generating highly deformed flow or flow instability, improving our understanding of clear-air turbulence.

Conditions for instability in the climate–carbon cycle system

An increase in CO₂ in the atmosphere warms the climate through the greenhouse effect, but also leads to uptake of CO₂ by the land and ocean. However, the warming is also expected to suppress carbon uptake. If this suppression were strong enough, it could overwhelm the uptake of carbon, leading to a runaway feedback loop causing severe global warming. We find it is possible that this runaway could be relevant in complex climate models and even at the end of the last ice age.

Applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Tropospheric Ozone Research

Machine learning is being more widely used across environmental and climate science. This work reviews the use of machine learning in tropospheric ozone research, focusing on three main application areas in which significant progress has been made. Common challenges in using machine learning across the three areas are highlighted, and future directions for the field are indicated.

Including different mesozooplankton feeding strategies in a biogeochemical ocean model impacts global ocean biomass and carbon cycle

Mesozooplankton gather small current-drifting animals. They are very diverse and play key roles in the functioning of marine ecosystem and carbon cycle, especially through the production of rapidly sinking particles. Usually represented as one compartment, here we add three feeding strategies in an ocean biogeochemical model and investigate their impact on carbon cycle at global scale. We find distinct distributions between mesozooplankton types and diverse contributions to carbon export.

Uncovering the deep structure of the Koillismaa Layered Intrusion Complex, Finland using a novel 3D seismic survey

Solid Earth
DOI 10.5194/se-16-1437-2025
24 November 2025

We acquired and processed novel 3D seismic data to reveal the hidden structure of a deep rock formation in northeastern Finland. This study uncovered a complex, layered system rather than a simple magma channel, and identified a major fault that may influence mineral deposits. Our findings offer new tools and insights for exploring valuable underground resources in hard rock environments.

Conflict-induced ship traffic disruptions constrain cloud sensitivity to stricter marine pollution regulations

Militia attacks on ships in the Red Sea disrupted container ship traffic in 2024. We use these traffic changes to quantify how the cloud-altering properties of ship pollution decreased following sulfur regulations in 2020 with measurements of two types of ship pollution, one of which is sensitive to fuel composition and another which is not. Near Africa, cloud changes in 2024 were nearly as large as before the regulations, but only one-third as strong after accounting for increased traffic.

Novel oxalate-carbonate pathways identified in the tropical dry evergreen forest of Tamil Nadu, India

The oxalate-carbonate pathway, where trees and microbes store inorganic carbon as minerals, was studied on four tree species of the threatened tropical dry evergreen forest Indian forest. We used high-throughput sequencing of a gene to detect oxalate-degrading microbes. For all tree species, produced oxalate led to carbonate formation in soils and on wood. This carbon may be leached into water, suggesting a hidden source of inorganic carbon with implications for climate and conservation.

The frosty frontier: redefining the mid-latitude tropopause using the relative humidity over ice

We present a new technique to determine the tropopause based on the gradient of relative humidity over ice. This approach captures the character of the tropopause remarkably well, both in individual vertical profiles and in long-term averages, providing a consistent and physically meaningful representation of the transition between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Recent history and future demise of Jostedalsbreen, the largest ice cap in mainland Europe

We model the historical and future evolution of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap in Norway, projecting substantial and largely irreversible mass loss for the 21st century, and that the ice cap will split into three parts. Further mass loss is in the pipeline, with a disappearance during the 22nd century under high emissions. Our study demonstrates an approach to model complex ice masses, highlights uncertainties due to precipitation, and calls for further research on long-term future glacier change.

An adaptable DTS-based parametric method to probe near-surface vertical temperature profiles at millimeter resolution

We present the the Fine Resolution Adaptable Distributed Temperature Sensing (FRADTS) method, which allows for mm-resolution probing of vertical temperature profiles, using coil-based distributed temperature sensing. The method is fully open source and parametric, such that unique field setups can be generated and reproduced. The method is extensively tested within a ~10cm grass canopy in a field campaign.

The TropoPause Composition TOwed Sensor Shuttle (TPC-TOSS): a new airborne dual platform approach for atmospheric composition measurements at the tropopause

Deployed on a Learjet as a tandem measurement platform during the TPEx I (TropoPause composition gradients and mixing Experiment) campaign in June 2024, the new TPC-TOSS (TropoPause Composition Towed Sensor Shuttle) system delivers high-resolution in situ data on ozone, aerosol, and key meteorological parameters. Laboratory and in-flight tests confirmed its precision and stability. Observed gradients near the tropopause reveal active mixing and transport processes in the tropopause region.

A statistical study of the O₂ atmospheric band aurora observed by the Swedish satellite MATS

This study uses images taken by the Swedish satellite MATS (Mesospheric Airglow Tomography and Spectroscopy) to conduct a statistical analysis of the molecular oxygen atmospheric band emissions in the aurora. This auroral emission can not be observed from the ground, making it one of the least understood auroral emissions. Our results provide a new dataset with information on the peak altitude, geomagnetic location, and auroral intensity of 378 events detected between February and April 2023.

IASI global radiometric uncertainty budget

This study establishes the global radiometric uncertainty budget of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) instruments onboard Eumetsat first generation MetOp satellites. Major contributions to the budget arise from the correction of the analog non-linearity, the black body characterization, the scan mirror reflectivity and the background radiance instability. The estimated uncertainty remains relatively stable throughout the lifetime of the instruments.

The airborne chicago water isotope spectrometer: an integrated cavity output spectrometer for measurements of the HDO ∕ H₂O isotopic ratio in the Asian Summer Monsoon

The water molecule comes in several different varieties, which are nearly indistinguishable in daily life. However, slight differences between the water molecule types can be exploited to achieve better scientific understanding of parts of Earth's atmosphere. In this work we describe the design, construction, and operation of an instrument meant to measure these molecules aboard research aircraft up to altitudes of 20 km.

Progressive destabilization of a freestanding rock pillar in permafrost on the Matterhorn (Swiss Alps): Hydro-mechanical modeling and analysis

On 13 June 2023, a freestanding rock pillar on the Matterhorn collapsed after years of weakening. Our study examines this progressive destabilization by analyzing field data and integrating lab experiments into a hydro-mechanical model. We highlight the critical role of water infiltration into frozen rock, intensified by climate warming, as a widespread driver of the rising frequency of rockfalls in high mountain permafrost regions.

Reviews and syntheses: Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM)-derived mercury contamination in agricultural systems: what we know and need to know

Artisanal & Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is rapidly expanding and mercury-use in the sector impacts agricultural systems near these spatially distributed activities. Mercury from ASGM is taken up by crops from both (1) air and (2) soil/water. Mercury in crops can also be passed to humans directly (eating crops) or via livestock/poultry after eating crops. Research in this area requires interdisciplinary, collaborative, and adaptable approaches to improve our comprehension of these impacts.

Drivers and impacts of westerly moisture transport events in East Africa

Anomalous westerly winds bring moisture into East Africa, increasing precipitation in the region. Using the first spatially unconstrained framework to detect this circulation and associated precipitation, we show westerlies contribute up to 60% of rainfall in Tanzania in January and February, and are more likely when the Madden Julian Oscillation and/or tropical cyclones are active over the Indian Ocean. This work highlights the complex interactions driving regional precipitation variability.

Automated mask generation in citizen science smartphone photos and their value for mapping plant species in drone imagery

We introduce an automated approach for generating segmentation masks for citizen science plant photos, making them applicable to computer vision models. This framework effectively transforms citizen science data into a data treasure for segmentation models for plant species identification in aerial imagery. Using automatically labeled photos, we train segmentation models for mapping tree species in drone imagery, showcasing their potential for forestry, agriculture, and biodiversity monitoring.