Calibration of groundwater seepage against the spatial distribution of the stream network to assess catchment-scale hydraulic properties Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-27-3221-2023 6 September 2023 We propose a model calibration method constraining groundwater seepage in the hydrographic network. The method assesses the hydraulic properties of aquifers in regions where perennial streams are directly fed by groundwater. The estimated hydraulic conductivity appear to be highly sensitive to the spatial extent and density of streams. Such an approach improving subsurface characterization from surface information is particularly interesting for ungauged basins. Read more
Opinion: Atmospheric multiphase chemistry – past, present, and future Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-23-9765-2023 4 September 2023 With important climate and air quality impacts, atmospheric multiphase chemistry involves gas interactions with aerosol particles and cloud droplets. We summarize the status of the field and discuss potential directions for future growth. We highlight the importance of a molecular-level understanding of the chemistry, along with atmospheric field studies and modelling, and emphasize the necessity for atmospheric multiphase chemists to interact widely with scientists from neighbouring disciplines. Read more
Atmospheric CO2 inversion reveals the Amazon as a minor carbon source caused by fire emissions, with forest uptake offsetting about half of these emissions Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023 1 September 2023 The Amazon’s carbon balance may have changed due to forest degradation, deforestation and warmer climate. We used an atmospheric model and atmospheric CO2 observations to quantify Amazonian carbon emissions (2010–2018). The region was a small carbon source to the atmosphere, mostly due to fire emissions. Forest uptake compensated for ~ 50 % of the fire emissions, meaning that the remaining forest is still a small carbon sink. We found no clear evidence of weakening carbon uptake over the period. Read more
Brief communication: The Glacier Loss Day as an indicator of a record-breaking negative glacier mass balance in 2022 The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-17-3661-2023 25 August 2023 The Glacier Loss Day (GLD) is the day on which all mass gained from the accumulation period is lost, and the glacier loses mass irrecoverably for the rest of the mass balance year. In 2022, the GLD was already reached on 23 June at Hintereisferner (Austria), and this led to a record-breaking mass loss. We introduce the GLD as a gross yet expressive indicator of the glacier’s imbalance with a persistently warming climate. Read more
A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023 23 August 2023 Based on atmospheric HFC-23 observations, the first estimate of post-CDM HFC-23 emissions in eastern Asia for 2008-2019 shows that these emissions contribute significantly to the global emissions rise. The observation-derived emissions were much larger than the bottom-up estimates expected to approach zero after 2015 due to national abatement activities. These discrepancies could be attributed to unsuccessful factory-level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions. Read more
Stagnant ice and age modelling in the Dome C region, Antarctica The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023 21 August 2023 We combined a numerical model with radar measurements in order to determine the age of ice in the Dome C region of Antarctica. Our results show that at the current ice core drilling sites on Little Dome C, the maximum age of the ice is almost 1.5 Ma. We also highlight a new potential drill site called North Patch with ice up to 2 Ma. Finally, we explore the nature of a stagnant ice layer at the base of the ice sheet which has been independently observed and modelled but is not well understood. Read more
Widespread slowdown in thinning rates of West Antarctic ice shelves The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-17-3409-2023 18 August 2023 We report on a slowdown in the rate of thinning and melting of West Antarctic ice shelves. We present a comprehensive assessment of the Antarctic ice shelves, where we analyse at a continental scale the changes in thickness, flow, and basal melt over the past 26 years. We also present a novel method to estimate ice shelf change from satellite altimetry and a time-dependent data set of ice shelf thickness and basal melt rates at an unprecedented resolution. Read more
New ring shear deformation apparatus for three-dimensional multiphase experiments: first results Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems DOI 10.5194/gi-12-141-2023 16 August 2023 Multiple geologic hazards, such as landslides and earthquakes, arise when solids and fluids coexist and deform together. We designed an experimental apparatus that allows us to observe such deformation in 3D. The first results show how fluids and solids deform and break at the same time, allowing us to study the impact of both materials on deformation distribution and speed. Making these processes visible has the potential to improve risk assessments associated with geological hazards. Read more
Potential bioavailability of representative pyrogenic organic matter compounds in comparison to natural dissolved organic matter pools Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023 14 August 2023 Intensifying wildfires are increasing pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) production and its impact on water quality. Recent work indicates that PyOM may have a greater impact on aquatic biogeochemistry than previously assumed, driven by higher bioavailability. We provide a full assessment of the potential bioavailability of PyOM across its chemical spectrum. We indicate that PyOM can be actively transformed within the river corridor and, therefore, may be a growing source of riverine C emissions. Read more
Drone-based meteorological observations up to the tropopause – a concept study Atmospheric Measurement Techniques DOI 10.5194/amt-16-3739-2023 11 August 2023 The first atmospheric soundings with an electrically powered small uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) up to an altitude of 10 km are presented and assessed for quality, revealing the potential to augment atmospheric observations and fill observation gaps for numerical weather prediction. This is significant because of the need for high-resolution meteorological data, in particular in remote areas with limited in situ measurements, and for reference data for satellite measurement calibration. Read more
The EarthCARE mission – science and system overview Atmospheric Measurement Techniques DOI 10.5194/amt-16-3581-2023 9 August 2023 The EarthCARE satellite is due for launch in 2024. It includes four scientific instruments to measure global vertical profiles of aerosols, clouds and precipitation properties together with radiative fluxes and derived heating rates. The mission’s scientific requirements, the satellite and the ground segment are described. In particular, the four scientific instruments and their performance are described at the level of detail required by mission data users. Read more
The three-dimensional structure of fronts in mid-latitude weather systems in numerical weather prediction models Geoscientific Model Development DOI 10.5194/gmd-16-4427-2023 7 August 2023 We investigate the benefit of objective 3-D front detection with modern interactive visual analysis techniques for case studies of extra-tropical cyclones and comparisons of frontal structures between different numerical weather prediction models. The 3-D frontal structures show agreement with 2-D fronts from surface analysis charts and augment them in the vertical dimension. We see great potential for more complex studies of atmospheric dynamics and for operational weather forecasting. Read more
DSCIM-Coastal v1.1: an open-source modeling platform for global impacts of sea level rise Geoscientific Model Development DOI 10.5194/gmd-16-4331-2023 4 August 2023 This work presents a novel open-source modelling platform for evaluating future sea level rise (SLR) impacts. Using nearly 10 000 discrete coastline segments around the world, we estimate 21st-century costs for 230 SLR and socioeconomic scenarios. We find that annual end-of-century costs range from USD 100 billion under a 2 °C warming scenario with proactive adaptation to 7 trillion under a 4 °C warming scenario with minimal adaptation, illustrating the cost-effectiveness of coastal adaptation. Read more
Detection of large-scale cloud microphysical changes within a major shipping corridor after implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2020 fuel sulfur regulations Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023 2 August 2023 Fuel sulfur regulations were implemented for ships in 2020 to improve air quality but may also accelerate global warming. We use spatial statistics and satellite retrievals to detect changes in the size of cloud droplets and find evidence for a resulting decrease in cloud brightness within a major shipping corridor after the sulfur limits went into effect. Our results confirm both that the regulations are being followed and that they are having a warming influence via their effect on clouds. Read more
Design and performance of the Hotrod melt-tip ice-drilling system Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems DOI 10.5194/gi-12-121-2023 31 July 2023 We describe a new drill for glaciers and ice sheets. Instead of drilling down into the ice, via mechanical action, our drill melts into the ice. Our goal is simply to pull a cable of temperature sensors on a one-way trip down to the ice–bed interface. Here, we describe the design and testing of our drill. Under laboratory conditions, our melt-tip drill has an efficiency of ~35 % with a theoretical maximum penetration rate of ~12 m h^-1. Under field conditions, our efficiency is just ~15 %. Read more
Continuous weekly monitoring of methane emissions from the Permian Basin by inversion of TROPOMI satellite observations Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-23-7503-2023 28 July 2023 We use TROPOMI satellite observations to quantify weekly methane emissions from the US Permian oil and gas basin from May 2018 to October 2020. We find that Permian emissions are highly variable, with diverse economic and activity drivers. The most important drivers during our study period were new well development and natural gas price. Permian methane intensity averaged 4.6% and decreased by 1% per year. Read more
Brief communication: How deep is the snow on Mount Everest? The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-17-2625-2023 26 July 2023 There is very strong scientific and public interest regarding the snow thickness on Mountain Everest. Previously reported snow depths derived by different methods and instruments ranged from 0.92 to 3.5 m. Our measurements in 2022 provide the first clear radar image of the snowpack at the top of Mount Everest. The snow thickness at Earth’s summit was averaged to be 9.5 ± 1.2 m. This updated snow thickness is considerably deeper than values reported during the past 5 decades. Read more
All about nitrite: exploring nitrite sources and sinks in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023 24 July 2023 Nitrogen (N) is essential for life; thus, its availability plays a key role in determining marine productivity. Using incubations of seawater spiked with a rare form of N measurable on a mass spectrometer, we quantified microbial pathways that determine marine N availability. The results show that pathways that recycle N have higher rates than those that result in its loss from biomass and present new evidence for anaerobic nitrite oxidation, a process long thought to be strictly aerobic. Read more
Review article: Large fluctuations in non-equilibrium physics Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics DOI 10.5194/npg-30-253-2023 21 July 2023 Non-equilibrium is dominant in geophysical and climate phenomena. Most of the processes that characterize energy flow occur far from equilibrium. These range from very large systems, such as weather patterns or ocean currents that remain far from equilibrium, owing to an influx of energy, to biological structures. In the last decades, progress in non-equilibrium physics has come from the study of very rare fluctuations, and this paper provides an introduction to these theoretical developments. Read more
Dense water formation in the eastern Mediterranean under a global warming scenario Ocean Science DOI 10.5194/os-19-941-2023 19 July 2023 Global warming may strongly affect dense water formation in the eastern Mediterranean, potentially impacting basin circulation and water properties. We find that at the end of the century dense water formation is reduced by 75 % for the Adriatic, 84 % for the Aegean, and 83 % for the Levantine Sea. This reduction is caused by changes in the temperature and salinity of surface and intermediate waters, which strengthen the vertical stratification, hampering deep convection. Read more