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Sporadic auroras near the geomagnetic equator: in the Philippines, on 27 October 1856

A record has been found of an “aurora” observed on 27 October 1856 in the Philippines, practically at the magnetic equator. An analysis of this report indicates that it could belong to a “sporadic aurora” because of low magnetic activity at that time. We provide a possible physical mechanism that could explain the appearance of this sporadic, low-latitude aurora, according to the analyses on the observational report and magnetic observations at that time.

The mirror mode: a “superconducting” space plasma analogue

The physics of the magnetic mirror mode in its final state of saturation, the thermodynamic equilibrium, is re-examined to demonstrate that the mirror mode is the classical analogue of a superconducting effect in an anisotropic-pressure space plasma. Three different spatial correlation scales are identified which control the behaviour of its evolution into large-amplitude chains of mirror bubbles.

Ionospheric and thermospheric response to the 27–28 February 2014 geomagnetic storm over north Africa

The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that it addresses the thermosphere–ionosphere coupling in a midlatitude site in north Africa. We have used Fabry–Perot measurements of thermospheric winds and wide-angle camera detection of ionospheric structures at an altitude of about 250 km. We have also used GPS data to extract the TEC over the studied area. We have focused our study on the 27 February geomagnetic storm.

Transfer entropy and cumulant-based cost as measures of nonlinear causal relationships in space plasmas: applications to Dst

The magnetospheric response to the solar wind is nonlinear. Information theoretical tools are able to characterize the nonlinearities in the system. We show that nonlinear significance ofD_stpeaks at lags of 3–12 hours which can be attributed toVB_s, which also exhibits similar behavior. However, the nonlinear significance that peaks at lags of 25, 50, and 90 hours can be attributed to internal dynamics, which may be related to the relaxation of the ring current.

New high-frequency (7–12 kHz) quasi-periodic VLF emissions observed on the ground at L ∼ 5.5

We reveal previously unknown quasi-periodic (QP) VLF emissions at the unusually high-frequency band of ~ 7–11 kHz by applying the digital filtering of strong sferics to the ground-based VLF data recorded at Kannuslehto station (KAN). In one event, the spectral–temporal forms of the emissions looked like a series of giantbullets, with very abrupt cessation. In the second event, the modulation period was about 3 min under the absence of the simultaneous geomagnetic pulsations.

VLF emissions observed on the ground at L ∼ 5.5">Read more

New insights for mesospheric OH: multi-quantum vibrational relaxation as a driver for non-local thermodynamic equilibrium

The question of whether mesospheric rotational population distributions of vibrationally excited OH are in equilibrium with the local kinetic temperature has been debated over several decades. We examine the relationship of multi-quantum relaxation pathways with the behavior exhibited by OH(v) rotational population distributions and find that the effective rotational temperatures of mesospheric OH(v) deviate from local thermodynamic equilibrium for all observed vibrational levels.

The electric current approach in the solar–terrestrial relationship

The sequence of phenomena consisting of solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), auroral substorm, and geomagnetic storms is mostly a manifestation of electromagnetic energy dissipation. Thus, first of all, it is natural to consider each of them in terms of a sequence of power supply (dynamo), power transmission (electric currents/circuits), and dissipation (mostly observed phenomena), i.e., as an input–output process and the electric current line approach.

A high-altitude balloon experiment to probe stratospheric electric fields from low latitudes

Results from a high-altitude balloon experiment conducted from a low-latitude station in India are presented in this work. The objectives of this experiment were to probe and understand the processes driving the various electric field sources at low latitudes. During this experiment, electric fields in the range of 5–6 mV m⁻¹ were observed at the balloon float altitude of 35 km. Atmospheric waves of few 100 km horizontal wavelength are suggested to be a potential source of these electric fields.

Modified ion-Weibel instability as a possible source of wave activity at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

A new type of wave has been detected by the magnetometer of the Rosetta spacecraft close to comet P67/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We provide the analytical model of this wave excitation from linear perturbation theory. A modified ion-Weibel instability is identified as source of this wave excited by a cometary current. The waves predominantly grow perpendicular to this current. A fan-like phase structure results from superposing the strongest growing waves in a cometary rest frame.

Statistical analysis of magnetotail fast flows and related magnetic disturbances

This study presents an investigation on the occurrence of fast flows in the magnetotail using the complete available data set of the THEMIS spacecraft for the years 2007 to 2015. First, basic statistical findings concerning velocity distributions, occurrence rates, group structures and key features of 16 000 events are presented using Superposed Epoch and Minimum Variance Analysis techniques.

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