Drought in forest understory ecosystems – a novel rainfall reduction experiment Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-12-961-2015 17 February 2015 This paper introduces a novel rainfall reduction experiment to investigate drought effects on soil-forest-understory-ecosystems. An annual drought with a return period of 40 years was imposed, while other ecosystem variables (humidity, air & soil temperature) remained unaffected. The first year of drought showed considerable changes in soil moisture dynamics, which affected leaf stomatal conductance of understory species as well as evapotranspiration rates of the forest understory ecosystem. Read more
Ancient pre-glacial erosion surfaces preserved beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Earth Surface Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esurf-3-139-2015 16 February 2015 We use ice penetrating radar data to identify a laterally continuous, gently sloping topographic block, comprising two surfaces separated by a distinct break in slope, preserved beneath the Institute and Möller Ice Streams, West Antarctica. We interpret these features as extensive erosion surfaces, showing that ancient (pre-glacial) surfaces can be preserved at low elevations beneath ice sheets. Different erosion regimes (e.g. fluvial and marine) may have formed these surfaces. Read more
Global trends in extreme precipitation: climate models versus observations Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-19-877-2015 12 February 2015 We present a systematic comparison of changes in historical extreme precipitation in station observations (HadEX2) and 15 climate models from the CMIP5 (as the largest and most recent sets of available observational and modeled datasets), on global and continental scale for 1901-2010, using both parametric (linear regression) and non-parametric (the Mann-Kendall as well as Sen’s slope estimator) methods, taking care to spatially and temporally sample observations and models in comparable ways. Read more
Simulated anthropogenic CO2 storage and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-12-781-2015 10 February 2015 Different observational-based estimates of CO2 uptake and resulting acidification of the Mediterranean Sea vary widely. A new study finds that even the smallest of those is an upper limit because the approach used assumes air-sea CO2 equilibrium. Then along with a lower limit from new fine-scale numerical model simulations, the authors bracket Mediterranean Sea CO2 uptake and acidification rates. They conclude that its rate of surface acidifcation is much like that for typical ocean waters. Read more
A high-resolution global-scale groundwater model Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-19-823-2015 6 February 2015 In this paper we present a high resolution global-scale groundwater model of an upper aquifer. An equilibrium water table at its natural state is contructed. Aquifer parameterization is based on available global-datasets on lithology and conductivity combined with estimated aquifer thickness. The results showed groundwater levels are well simulated for many regions of the world. Simulated flow paths showed the relevance of including lateral groundwater flows in global scale hydrological models. Read more
Technical Note: Maximising accuracy and minimising cost of a potentiometrically regulated ocean acidification simulation system Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-12-713-2015 5 February 2015 This article describes a low-cost, easy set-up, ocean acidification simulation system that reliably mimics the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on seawater chemistry. The accessible design of this system, along with our suggestions for the validation of pH control and characterisation of seawater chemistry, will enable researchers on a limited budget to generate high quality, repeatable data documenting the response of marine organisms to ocean acidification. Read more
Simulating the Greenland ice sheet under present-day and palaeo constraints including a new discharge parameterization The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-9-179-2015 5 February 2015 Ice discharge into the ocean from outlet glaciers is an important component of mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet. Here, we present a simple parameterization of ice discharge for coarse resolution ice sheet models, suitable for large ensembles or long-term palaeo simulations. This parameterization reproduces in a good approximation the present-day ice discharge compared with estimates, and the simulation of the present-day ice sheet elevation is considerably improved. Read more
Permafrost soils and carbon cycling SOIL DOI 10.5194/soil-1-147-2015 5 February 2015 The huge carbon stocks found in soils of the permafrost region are important to the global climate system because of their potential to decompose and release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere upon thawing. This review highlights permafrost characteristics, the influence of cryogenic processes on soil formation, organic carbon accumulation and distribution in permafrost soils, the vulnerability of this carbon upon permafrost thaw, and the role of permafrost soils in a changing climate. Read more
Glacier-surge mechanisms promoted by a hydro-thermodynamic feedback to summer melt The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-9-197-2015 5 February 2015 Here we present continuous GPS measurements and satellite synthetic-aperture-radar-based velocity maps from Basin-3, the largest drainage basin of the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard. Our observations demonstrate strong links between surface-melt and multiannual ice-flow acceleration. Read more
Three-dimensional morphology of equatorial plasma bubbles deduced from measurements onboard CHAMP Annales Geophysicae DOI 10.5194/angeo-33-129-2015 28 January 2015 Total electron content (TEC) between Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellites and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites can be used to constrain three-dimensional morphology of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). TEC gradient observed along the LEO track is strongest when the corresponding GNSS satellite is located equatorward and westward of the LEO satellite. This anisotropy supports the idea that EPBs have three-dimensional shell structures. Read more
A reduced-complexity model for river delta formation – Part 1: Modeling deltas with channel dynamics Earth Surface Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esurf-3-67-2015 28 January 2015 In this work we present DeltaRCM, a reduced-complexity model for river delta formation. It is a rule-based cellular morphodynamic model, in contrast to reductionist models based on detailed computational fluid dynamics. DeltaRCM is able to resolve channel dynamics, and to produce stratigraphy. We also explain the meaning of complexity reduction, especially what are the essential processes to be included in modeling deltas. Read more
The fate of seeds in the soil: a review of the influence of overland flow on seed removal and its consequences for the vegetation of arid and semiarid patchy ecosystems SOIL DOI 10.5194/soil-1-131-2015 26 January 2015 Since seeds are the principle means by which plants move across the landscape, the final fate of seeds plays a fundamental role in the origin, maintenance, functioning and dynamics of plant communities. In arid and semiarid patchy ecosystems, where seeds are scattered into a heterogeneous environment and intense rainfalls occur, the transport of seeds by runoff to new sites represents an opportunity for seeds to reach more favourable sites for seed germination and seedling survival. Read more
ERA-Interim/Land: a global land surface reanalysis data set Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-19-389-2015 21 January 2015 ERA-Interim/Land is a global land-surface reanalysis covering the period 1979–2010. It describes the evolution of soil moisture, soil temperature and snowpack. ERA-Interim/Land includes a number of parameterization improvements in the land surface scheme with respect to the original ERA-Interim and a precipitation bias correction based on GPCP. A selection of verification results show the added value in representing the terrestrial water cycle and its main land surface storages and fluxes. Read more
The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL SOIL DOI 10.5194/soil-1-117-2015 16 January 2015 This paper provides a brief accounting of some of the many ways that the study of soils can be interdisciplinary, therefore giving examples of the types of papers we hope to see submitted to SOIL. Read more
Experimental test of the ρ(1-α) evolution for rotational discontinuities: cluster magnetopause observations Annales Geophysicae DOI 10.5194/angeo-33-79-2015 15 January 2015 Rotational discontinuities (RDs) in plasma allow a magnetic connection between different plasma regimes. One of their defining relations describes a balance between changes in plasma mass density and pressure anisotropy. The paper uses the high time resolution data from the Cluster satellites to directly test that relation at the terrestrial magnetopause, when standard analysis predicts that this boundary behaves like an RD. The experimental evidence shows that the said relation is not fulfilled. Read more
Development of a large-sample watershed-scale hydrometeorological data set for the contiguous USA: data set characteristics and assessment of regional variability in hydrologic model performance Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-19-209-2015 14 January 2015 The focus of this paper is to (1) present a community dataset of daily forcing and hydrologic response data for 671 unimpaired basins across the contiguous United States that spans a very wide range of hydroclimatic conditions; and (2) provide a calibrated model performance benchmark using a common conceptual snow and hydrologic modeling system. This benchmark provides a reference level of model performance across a very large basin sample and highlights regional variations in performance. Read more
Seasonal in situ observations of glyoxal and methylglyoxal over the temperate oceans of the Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-15-223-2015 12 January 2015 Glyoxal and methylglyoxal are short-lived organic trace gases and important precursors of secondary organic aerosol. Measurements over oceans are sparse. We present the first in situ glyoxal and methylglyoxal observations over remote temperate oceans, alongside observations of precursor gases. Precursor gases cannot explain observed mixing ratios, highlighting an unknown source. We show a large discrepancy between calculated vertical column densities of glyoxal and those retrieved by satellite. Read more
Internally and externally induced deformations of the magnetospheric equatorial current as inferred from spacecraft data Annales Geophysicae DOI 10.5194/angeo-33-1-2015 6 January 2015 A new quantitative model of the global shape of the neutral sheet in the Earth’s magnetosphere is developed, parameterized by the dipole tilt, solar wind pressure, and IMF By and Bz. The model is based on data from the Polar, Cluster, Geotail, and Themis satellites taken in 1995-2013. The paper quantifies and further explains our earlier finding of the bowl-shaped deformation of the neutral sheet due to the Earth’s dipole tilt (Tsyganenko and Andreeva, GRL, v.41(4), 2014). Read more
Soil properties and pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region of the Llanos de Moxos, Bolivian Amazon SOIL DOI 10.5194/soil-1-65-2015 6 January 2015 In the present paper we explore to what degree soil properties might have influenced pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region (MMR) of the Llanos de Moxos (LM), Bolivian Amazon. This study provides new data on the soil properties of the south-eastern Bolivian Amazon and reinforces the hypothesis that environmental constraints and opportunities exerted an important role on pre-Columbian occupation patterns and the population density reached in the Bolivian Amazon. Read more
What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach? Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-5361-2014 20 December 2014 This study demonstrates the processes by which instantaneous longitudinal water temperature gradients may be generated in a stream reach that transitions from moorland to semi-natural forest in the absence of substantial groundwater inflows. Water did not cool as it flowed downstream. Instead, temperature gradients were generated by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the forested reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment. Read more
Processes determining the marine alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation state distributions Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-11-7349-2014 19 December 2014 We examine and discuss the portion of ocean alkalinity that varies in response to carbonate cycling and riverine alkalinity inputs using a new tracer, Alk*. We use this tracer to quantify the controls on marine carbonate saturation: At depth, we find carbonate cycling to be a minor control relative to organic matter cycling and pressure changes. In well-equilibrated surface water, we find carbonate cycling to be less important than temperature changes and freshwater cycling. Read more
Dams on Mekong tributaries as significant contributors of hydrological alterations to the Tonle Sap Floodplain in Cambodia Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-5303-2014 18 December 2014 Hydrological modeling and assessment tools were used to provide evidence of the expected hydrological alterations that hydropower development in the lower Mekong tributaries could bring to the Tonle Sap. The most significant alterations are in terms of water levels during the dry season and rates of water level rise/drop which are crucial for tree seed germination and fish migrations, and therefore major ecological disruptions are likely to follow. Read more
Estimating the volume of glaciers in the Himalayan–Karakoram region using different methods The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-8-2313-2014 12 December 2014 Existing methods (area-volume relations, a slope-dependent volume estimation method, and two ice-thickness distribution models) are used to estimate the ice reserves stored in Himalayan-Karakoram glaciers. Resulting volumes range from 2955–4737 km³. Results from the ice-thickness distribution models agree well with local measurements; volume estimates from area-related relations exceed the estimates from the other approaches. Evidence on the effect of the selected method on results is provided. Read more
A virtual water network of the Roman world Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-5025-2014 11 December 2014 Our virtual water network of the Roman World shows that virtual water trade and irrigation provided the Romans with resilience to interannual climate variability. Virtual water trade enabled the Romans to meet food demands from regions with a surplus. Irrigation provided stable water supplies for agriculture, particularly in large river catchments. However, virtual water trade also stimulated urbanization and population growth, which eroded Roman resilience to climate variability over time. Read more
Solar irradiances measured using SPN1 radiometers: uncertainties and clues for development Atmospheric Measurement Techniques DOI 10.5194/amt-7-4267-2014 8 December 2014 This work presents a comprehensive study of SPN1 radiometers accuracy and sources of uncertainty, drawing on laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and comparison studies between measurements from this sensor and state-of-the art instruments for six diverse sites. Several clues are provided for improving the SPN1 accuracy and agreement with state-of-the art measurements. Read more
A possible influence of the Great White Spot on Saturn kilometric radiation periodicity Annales Geophysicae DOI 10.5194/angeo-32-1463-2014 4 December 2014 In this paper we show that the large thunderstorm called Great White Spot, which raged for about 9 months in Saturn’s troposphere in 2010/2011, was accompanied by changes in the periodicity and phasing of auroral radio emissions. We suggest that the thunderstorm was a source of intense gravity waves causing a global change in Saturn’s ionospheric winds via energy and momentum deposition. This supports the theory that Saturn’s magnetospheric periodicities are driven by the upper atmosphere. Read more
Estimating degree-day factors from MODIS for snowmelt runoff modeling Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-4773-2014 3 December 2014 In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area and ground-based snow depth data without calibration. Snow density is estimated as the ratio between observed precipitation and changes in the snow volume for days with snow accumulation. DDFS values are estimated as the ratio between changes in the snow water equivalent and difference between the daily temperature and a threshold value for days with snowmelt. Read more
Potential climate forcing of land use and land cover change Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-14-12701-2014 3 December 2014 While climate change mitigation policy often focuses on the energy sector, we find that 40% of the historical human-caused change in the Earth’s radiative balance can be attributed to land use activities, such as deforestation and agriculture. Since pressure on land resources is expected to increase, we compute a theoretical upper bound on the radiative balance impacts from future land use which suggests that not only energy policy but land policy is necessary to minimize future climate change. Read more
Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014 1 December 2014 This study provides an updated estimate of organic carbon stored in the northern permafrost region. The study includes estimates for carbon in soils (0 to 3 m depth) and deeper sediments in river deltas and the Yedoma region. We find that field-data is still scarce from many regions. Total estimated carbon storage is ~1300 Pg with an uncertainty range of between 1100 to 1500 Pg. Around 800 Pg carbon is perennially frozen, equivalent to all carbon dioxide currently in the Earths atmosphere. Read more
A comparison between VEGA 1, 2 and Giotto flybys of comet 1P/Halley: implications for Rosetta Annales Geophysicae DOI 10.5194/angeo-32-1441-2014 28 November 2014 We discuss three flybys (within a time span of 8 days) of comet 1P/Halley by VEGA 1, 2 and Giotto. Looking at two different plasma phenomena: mirror mode waves and field line draping; we study the differences in SW-comet interaction between these three flybys. We find that on this time scale (comparable to Rosetta’s orbits) there is a significant difference, both caused by changing outgassing rate of the comet and changes in the solar wind. We discuss implications for Rosetta RPC observations. Read more
Correlations between climate network and relief data Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics DOI 10.5194/npg-21-1127-2014 27 November 2014 In the past few years, complex networks have been extensively applied to climate sciences, yielding the new field of climate networks. Here, we generalize climate network analysis by investigating the influence of altitudes in network topology. More precisely, we verified that nodes group into different communities corresponding to geographical areas with similar relief properties. This new approach may contribute to obtaining more complete climate network models. Read more
Path independence of climate and carbon cycle response over a broad range of cumulative carbon emissions Earth System Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esd-5-409-2014 24 November 2014 Recent studies have identified an approximately proportional relationship between global warming and cumulative carbon emissions. This relationship – referred to as the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) – is useful for climate policy applications. We show that the TCRE is constant for cumulative emissions lower than ~1500 GtC, but declines for higher cumulative emissions. We also find the TCRE to decrease with increasing emission rate. Read more
Long-term trends at the Boknis Eck time series station (Baltic Sea), 1957–2013: does climate change counteract the decline in eutrophication? Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-11-6323-2014 24 November 2014 A time series of 9 oceanic parameters from the coastal time series station Boknis Eck (BE, South Western Baltic Sea) in the period of 1957-2013 is analysed with respect to seasonal cycles and longterm trends. Most striking was a paradoxical decreasing trend in oxygen with a simultaneous decline in eutrophication. Possible reasons for this paradox, e.g. processes related to warming temperatures such as increased decomposition of organic matter or altered ventilation, are discussed. Read more
Detailed ice loss pattern in the northern Antarctic Peninsula: widespread decline driven by ice front retreats The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-8-2135-2014 24 November 2014 This study of one of the most rapidly changing glacier regions on Earth – the Antarctic Peninsula – uses two types of satellite data to measure the rates of ice loss in detail for the individual glaciers. The satellite data is laser altimetry from ICESat and stereo image DEM differences. The results show that 24..9 ± 7.8 billion tons of ice are lost from the region north of 66°S on the Peninsula each year. The majority of the data cover 2003-2008. Read more
The global monsoon across timescales: coherent variability of regional monsoons Climate of the Past DOI 10.5194/cp-10-2007-2014 21 November 2014 It remains a debated issue as to what extent and at which timescales the global monsoon can be viewed as a major mode of climate variability. For this purpose, a PAGES (Past Global Changes) working group (WG) was set up to investigate the concept of the global monsoon and its future research directions. The WG’s synthesis is presented here. Read more
Complex networks for streamflow dynamics Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-4565-2014 20 November 2014 This study introduces the theory of networks, and in particular complex networks, to examine connections in streamflow dynamics. Monthly streamflow data from a network of 639 stations in the United States are studied. The connections are examined primarily using the concept of clustering coefficient, which quantifies the network’s tendency to cluster. The clustering coefficient analysis is performed with several different threshold levels based on correlations in streamflow between the stations. Read more
Missing SO2 oxidant in the coastal atmosphere? – observations from high-resolution measurements of OH and atmospheric sulfur compounds Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-14-12209-2014 20 November 2014 Sulfuric acid plays a major role in the formation of aerosol particles and clouds. Measurements at the west coast of Ireland reveal that oxidation of SO2 by OH explains only 20%, on average, of H2SO4 formation in coastal marine air. Additional sources may be oxidation by Criegee intermediates produced photolytically and/or formation from SO3 instead of SO2 in the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide suggesting an important role of marine emissions in the self-cleaning power of the atmosphere. Read more
Historical impact of water infrastructure on water levels of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap system Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-4529-2014 17 November 2014 This paper analyses the historical water levels of the Mekong River and Tonle Sap system by comparing pre- and post-1991 daily observations from six stations along the Mekong mainstream from Chiang Saen (northern Thailand), to Stung Treng (Cambodia), and the Prek Kdam station on the Tonle Sap River. Read more
Changes in extreme regional sea surface height due to an abrupt weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Ocean Science DOI 10.5194/os-10-881-2014 7 November 2014 As an extreme scenario of dynamical sea level changes, regional sea surface height (SSH) changes that occur in the North Atlantic due to an abrupt weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are simulated. Two versions of the same ocean-only model are used to study the effect of ocean model resolution on these SSH changes. Read more
Gas emissions at the continental margin west of Svalbard: mapping, sampling, and quantification Biogeosciences DOI 10.5194/bg-11-6029-2014 6 November 2014 The authors mapped, sampled, and quantified gas emissions at the continental margin west of Svalbard in late summer 2012. They found that gas emissions occurred widespread between about 80 and 415 m water depth, which indicates that hydrate dissolution might only be one of several triggers for active hydrocarbon seepage in that area. Read more
Determining the focal mechanisms of the events in the Carpathian region of Ukraine Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems DOI 10.5194/gi-3-229-2014 30 October 2014 The paper is devoted to mathematical modelling of propagation of seismic waves in inhomogeneous media. The trial and error method for determining the angles of orientation of fault plane and earthquake mechanism has been proposed. The graphic and trial and error approaches have been applied for determining the source parameters of earthquakes in seismically active region of Eastern Carpathian. Read more
Analytical approach for predicting fresh water discharge in an estuary based on tidal water level observations Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-18-4153-2014 17 October 2014 In this study, the authors investigate the influence of river discharge on tidal wave propagation in the Yangtze estuary with specific attention to residual water level slope. Read more
An autonomous adaptive low-power instrument platform (AAL-PIP) for remote high-latitude geospace data collection Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems DOI 10.5194/gi-3-211-2014 10 October 2014 This paper presents the development considerations and design for ground-based instrumentation that is being deployed on the East Antarctic Plateau along a 40° magnetic meridian chain to investigate interhemispheric magnetically conjugate geomagnetic coupling and other space-weather-related phenomena. Read more
Mapping the physico-chemical properties of mineral dust in western Africa: mineralogical composition Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-14-10663-2014 10 October 2014 In the last few years, several ground-based and airborne field campaigns have allowed the exploration of the properties and impacts of mineral dust in western Africa. This paper explores the synthesis of these observations to provide a large-scale quantitative view of the mineralogical composition and its variability according to source region and time after transport. Read more
Constraining CO2 emissions from open biomass burning by satellite observations of co-emitted species: a method and its application to wildfires in Siberia Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DOI 10.5194/acp-14-10383-2014 1 October 2014 A method to constrain carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from open biomass burning by using satellite observations of co-emitted species and a chemistry-transport model (CTM) is proposed and applied to the case of wildfires in Siberia. Read more
The origin of noise and magnetic hysteresis in crystalline permalloy ring-core fluxgate sensors Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems DOI 10.5194/gi-3-201-2014 29 September 2014 In certain polycrystalline permalloy fluxgate sensors, a single phenomenon may cause both fluxgate noise and magnetic hysteresis; explain Barkhausen jumps, remanence and coercivity; and avoid domain denucleation. This phenomenon, domain wall reconnection, is presented as part of a theoretical model. Read more
The effect of changing sea ice on the physical vulnerability of Arctic coasts The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-8-1777-2014 26 September 2014 Sea ice provides a first-order control on the physical vulnerability of Arctic coasts to erosion, inundation, and damage to settlements and infrastructures by ocean water. This paper focuses on how the changing sea-ice cover has influenced coastal erosion over the satellite record. Read more
A framework for benchmarking of homogenisation algorithm performance on the global scale Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems DOI 10.5194/gi-3-187-2014 25 September 2014 The International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) is striving towards substantively improving our ability to robustly understand historical land surface air temperature change at all scales. A key recently completed first step has been collating all available records into a comprehensive open access, traceable and version-controlled databank. Read more
The XWS open access catalogue of extreme European windstorms from 1979 to 2012 Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/nhess-14-2487-2014 22 September 2014 This papers introduces the XWS (eXtreme WindStorms) catalogue, which consists of storm tracks and model-generated maximum 3 s wind-gust footprints for 50 of the most extreme winter windstorms to hit Europe in the period 1979–2012. Read more
The length of the world’s glaciers – a new approach for the global calculation of center lines The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-8-1741-2014 19 September 2014 Here the authors present a first global assessment of glacier length using an automated method that relies on glacier surface slope, distance to the glacier margins and a set of trade-off functions. Read more