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Facility-scale quantification and monitoring of ammonia (NH₃) emissions using ASTER multispectral thermal infrared observations

Ammonia is an air pollutant that affects human health, ecosystems, and climate, but satellite measurements usually cannot identify emissions from individual facilities. We show that high‑resolution thermal infrared images can detect ammonia plumes at a much finer scale than existing satellites. This enables clearer identification of industrial sources and provides new opportunities for improved emission estimates and the design of future satellite missions.

Multi-centennial ocean biogeochemical responses to extended Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Using long-term MIROC-ES2L simulations under extended Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios to 2500, we show that ocean–atmosphere pCO₂ disequilibrium exhibits strong scenario dependence. Low emissions lead to near equilibrium by 2100, whereas high emissions drive expanding oceanic CO₂ supersaturation and declining buffering capacity. Marine ecosystem stress persists for centuries, reflecting the ocean’s long memory and limited reversibility.

TopoToolbox 3, a laboratory for quantitative geomorphology

TopoToolbox is a software package that enables users to analyze maps of the Earth's surface. The newest version of TopoToolbox makes it accessible to more users, makes it easier to integrate TopoToolbox with other software used to study the Earth's surface and establishes a new development process to ensure that TopoToolbox continues to meet the needs of its community of users. We present a series of examples to demonstrate how users can incorporate the new TopoToolbox version into their work.

Correct use of radiative efficiencies in calculating global warming potentials and other emission metrics

The global warming potential (GWP) is a commonly used metric for relating the climate impact of emissions of a gas relative to that for carbon dioxide. We show that previous calculations have systematically underestimated these values by applying calculations of radiative forcing efficiency appropriate to changes in surface mole fractions rather than changes in the mass-weighted mean mole fraction in the atmosphere.

Exploring advocacy of Dutch government climate researchers: an interview study

Climate researchers are key in communicating the climate crisis, but most studies focus on university scientists. Little is known about those working in government organisations. We interviewed 14 Dutch climate scientists at government-funded institutes about opportunities and barriers to advocacy, including concerns about civil servant roles, independence, institutional identity, and unclear rules.

Enhanced weathering of glacial rock flour drives coupled inorganic and organic carbon sequestration in a five-year field experiment

Enhanced rock weathering involves spreading ground silicate rock on farmland to remove atmospheric CO₂ as the rock dissolves. Soil samples taken five years after Greenlandic glacial rock flour was applied to a Danish field showed that over half the applied material had dissolved, yet the increase in soil organic carbon was substantially greater than the estimated inorganic carbon uptake through weathering. This highlights the importance of considering both pathways when assessing climate impact.

Observing formation and early evolution of contrails formed by IAGOS aircraft using high-resolution LEO satellite imagery

We introduce an algorithm that can find individual aircraft in high-resolution (10–30 m) satellite imagery to see whether they form contrails. We looked specifically for IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) aircraft which measure humidity: a key variable in predicting contrail formation and evolution. The final dataset consists of 543 IAGOS flights for which we know whether contrails form or not. We find excellent (98.3 %) agreement between these observations and predictions by a thermodynamic model of contrail formation.

Technical note: Machine learning metamodelling for global sensitivity analysis

Understanding which factors most influence streamflow is key for accurate hydrologic modelling. This study shows that machine learning methods, like random forests and neural networks, can efficiently identify the most important model inputs, producing results similar to traditional sensitivity analysis but with far less computation. This approach helps scientists explore complex models faster and more reliably, improving insights into how catchments respond to changing conditions.

Warming vs. browning: a dual mechanism behind net ecosystem production of shallow brown aquatic systems

Warming and browning (increasing organic carbon) in aquatic systems both promote heterotrophy via distinct mechanisms: browning alone enhances bacterial production and alters stoichiometry, which suppresses primary production. Browning and warming combined shift aquatic ecosystems toward net heterotrophy. This mesocosm study provides mechanistic insight into interacting drivers of global change, with broad relevance for northern freshwaters undergoing increasing browning and warming.

Flood exposure and structure damage under deterministic design-storm and stochastic storm transposition rainfall scenarios: a case study in South Louisiana, USA

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
DOI 10.5194/nhess-26-5201-2026
23 October 2026

Conventional design storms may underestimate flood exposure by neglecting the spatial organization of rainfall. We compare deterministic and stochastic storm scenarios in coastal Louisiana. Stochastic storm transposition reveals 11 518 buildings overlooked by the deterministic storm, demonstrating that spatial rainfall variability can fundamentally alter estimates of exposure and structural damage, with implications for floodplain management, infrastructure design and climate-resilient planning.

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